By R-group: Nonpolar	Members: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Met, Phe, Trp
By R-group: Polar uncharged	Members: Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gln
By R-group: Acidic (−)	Members: Asp, Glu
By R-group: Basic (+)	Members: Lys, Arg, His
By R-group: Aromatic	Members: Phe, Tyr, Trp (UV 280 nm)
By R-group: Special	Members: Gly (achiral, flexible), Pro (kink), Cys (disulfide)
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Primary	Defined by: aa sequence (peptide bonds)
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Secondary	Defined by: α-helix, β-sheet (backbone H-bonds)
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Tertiary	Defined by: 3-D fold (R-group interactions, disulfides)
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Quaternary	Defined by: multiple subunits
Inhibition: Competitive	V_max: —; K_m: ↑
Inhibition: Noncompetitive	V_max: ↓; K_m: —
Inhibition: Uncompetitive	V_max: ↓; K_m: ↓
Inhibition: Mixed	V_max: ↓; K_m: ↑/↓
Aerobic yields per glucose: Glycolysis	Location: cytosol; Yield: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Aerobic yields per glucose: Pyruvate → acetyl-CoA	Location: mito matrix; Yield: 2 NADH (×2 pyr)
Aerobic yields per glucose: TCA (×2 turns)	Location: matrix; Yield: 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 GTP
Aerobic yields per glucose: ETC / Ox-phos	Location: inner membrane; Yield: NADH≈2.5, FADH₂≈1.5 ATP
Aerobic yields per glucose: Total	Yield: ≈30–32 ATP
Molecular Biology & Genetics: Silent	Effect: same aa (degeneracy)
Molecular Biology & Genetics: Missense	Effect: different aa
Molecular Biology & Genetics: Nonsense	Effect: premature stop
Molecular Biology & Genetics: Frameshift	Effect: insertion/deletion (not ×3)
Cell Biology & Physiology: Simple/facilitated diffusion	Energy: none (down gradient)
Cell Biology & Physiology: Primary active (Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase)	Energy: ATP
Cell Biology & Physiology: Secondary active	Energy: ion gradient
Cell Biology & Physiology: Osmosis (water)	Energy: none
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: pI	pH of net-zero charge. Below pI → protonated (+); above pI → (−).
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Hemoglobin	(cooperative, 4 subunits) vs myoglobin (hyperbolic, 1 subunit, higher affinity).
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Right shift	↓ O₂ affinity, unloads to tissue: ↑CO₂, ↓pH (Bohr effect), ↑temperature, ↑2,3-BPG.
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Carbs	mono/di/polysaccharides; glycosidic bonds; glycogen (branched storage), cellulose (β, structural).
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Lipids	triglycerides (storage), phospholipids (membranes, amphipathic), steroids (cholesterol → hormones), fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK).
Biochemistry — Amino Acids & Proteins: Nucleic acids	nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + base; A-T(U), G-C; antiparallel.
Metabolism & Bioenergetics: Anaerobic	pyruvate → lactate (regenerates NAD⁺); only 2 ATP.
Metabolism & Bioenergetics: Gluconeogenesis	liver; reverses glycolysis at 3 irreversible steps.
Metabolism & Bioenergetics: β-oxidation	fatty acids → acetyl-CoA (lots of ATP); occurs in mito.
Metabolism & Bioenergetics: Ketogenesis	fasting/low-carb, from acetyl-CoA (liver).
Metabolism & Bioenergetics: PPP	makes NADPH + ribose-5-P (biosynthesis, not ATP).
Metabolism & Bioenergetics: ATP synthase	(complex V) uses H⁺ flow to make ATP. O₂ = final e⁻ acceptor → H₂O.
Molecular Biology & Genetics: Replication	(S phase): semiconservative; helicase, primase, DNA pol (5′→3′), leading vs lagging (Okazaki), ligase, telomerase.
Molecular Biology & Genetics: Transcription	(nucleus): RNA pol II; pre-mRNA → 5′ cap, poly-A tail, splicing (introns out, exons kept).
Molecular Biology & Genetics: Translation	(ribosome): initiation (AUG=Met), elongation, termination (stop codons UAA/UAG/UGA); tRNA anticodons.
Molecular Biology & Genetics: PCR	amplify DNA (denature, anneal, extend). Gel = separate by size (− → +).
Cell Biology & Physiology: Nucleus	(DNA), mitochondria (ATP, own DNA), rough ER (protein synth), smooth ER (lipids, detox), Golgi (modify/ship), lysosome (digest), peroxisome (β-oxidation, H₂O₂).
Cell Biology & Physiology: Meiosis	2 divisions → 4 haploid gametes; crossing over (prophase I) → diversity.
Cell Biology & Physiology: Circulatory	heart → arteries → capillaries → veins; left heart systemic, right pulmonary.
Cell Biology & Physiology: Respiratory	gas exchange at alveoli; O₂/CO₂ diffusion.
Cell Biology & Physiology: Renal	nephron — filter (glomerulus), reabsorb, secrete; regulates volume, pH, electrolytes.
Cell Biology & Physiology: Digestive	mechanical + enzymatic; absorption in small intestine.
Cell Biology & Physiology: Immune	innate (fast, nonspecific) + adaptive (B cells/antibodies, T cells).
Physical constants: g (gravity)	Value: 9.8 m/s² (≈10)
Physical constants: G (gravitation)	Value: 6.67×10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
Physical constants: k (Coulomb)	Value: 8.99×10⁹ N·m²/C² (≈9×10⁹)
Physical constants: c (light)	Value: 3.0×10⁸ m/s
Physical constants: h (Planck)	Value: 6.63×10⁻³⁴ J·s
Physical constants: N_A (Avogadro)	Value: 6.022×10²³ /mol
Physical constants: R (gas)	Value: 8.314 J/mol·K = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K
Physical constants: e (charge)	Value: 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C
Physical constants: ε₀ (permittivity)	Value: 8.85×10⁻¹² C²/N·m²
Physical constants: Symbol: K_w	Value: 1.0×10⁻¹⁴ (25 °C)
Conversions: 1 atm	Equivalent: 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101 kPa
Conversions: Quantity: STP	Equivalent: 0 °C, 1 atm → 22.4 L/mol (ideal)
Conversions: Temperature	Equivalent: K = °C + 273
Conversions: 1 cal	Equivalent: 4.18 J
Conversions: 1 mole gas (STP)	Equivalent: 22.4 L
Conversions: 1 eV	Equivalent: 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ J
Physics — Complete Equation Sheet: Elastic	p: ✔; KE: ✔ conserved
Physics — Complete Equation Sheet: Inelastic	p: ✔; KE: ✖ (lost)
Physics — Complete Equation Sheet: Perfectly inelastic	p: ✔; KE: ✖ (stick together)
Standing-wave harmonics: String / open pipe	f_n: n·v/2L; n: 1,2,3…
Standing-wave harmonics: Closed pipe (1 end)	f_n: n·v/4L; n: odd only
Physics — Complete Equation Sheet: Series	Resistors: R_eq=ΣR (same I); Capacitors: 1/C_eq=Σ1/C
Physics — Complete Equation Sheet: Parallel	Resistors: 1/R_eq=Σ1/R (same V); Capacitors: C_eq=ΣC
General Chemistry: Atomic radius	Across → (L→R): ↓; Down ↓: ↑
General Chemistry: Ionization energy	Across → (L→R): ↑; Down ↓: ↓
General Chemistry: Electronegativity	Across → (L→R): ↑; Down ↓: ↓
General Chemistry: Electron affinity	Across → (L→R): ↑ (more −); Down ↓: ↓
General Chemistry: e⁻ domains: 2	Shape (0 LP): linear; Angle: 180°
General Chemistry: e⁻ domains: 3	Shape (0 LP): trigonal planar; Angle: 120°
General Chemistry: e⁻ domains: 4	Shape (0 LP): tetrahedral; Angle: 109.5°
General Chemistry: e⁻ domains: 5	Shape (0 LP): trig. bipyramidal; Angle: 90/120°
General Chemistry: e⁻ domains: 6	Shape (0 LP): octahedral; Angle: 90°
General Chemistry: ΔH: −	ΔS: +; Spontaneity: always (ΔG<0)
General Chemistry: ΔH: +	ΔS: −; Spontaneity: never
General Chemistry: ΔH: −	ΔS: −; Spontaneity: low T
General Chemistry: ΔH: +	ΔS: +; Spontaneity: high T
Naming priority: high → low: Carboxylic acid	Structure: –COOH
Naming priority: high → low: Ester	Structure: –COOR
Naming priority: high → low: Amide	Structure: –CONH₂
Naming priority: high → low: Aldehyde	Structure: –CHO (terminal)
Naming priority: high → low: Ketone	Structure: C=O (internal)
Naming priority: high → low: Alcohol	Structure: –OH
Naming priority: high → low: Amine	Structure: –NH₂
Organic Chemistry: Steps	SN1: 2 (carbocation); SN2: 1 (concerted)
Organic Chemistry: Rate law	SN1: [substrate]; SN2: [substrate][Nu]
Organic Chemistry: Best substrate	SN1: 3° > 2°; SN2: 1° > 2°
Organic Chemistry: Stereochem	SN1: racemization; SN2: inversion
Organic Chemistry: Favored by	SN1: polar protic, weak Nu; SN2: polar aprotic, strong Nu
General Chemistry: Arrhenius k = A·e^(−Ea/RT)	↑T or catalyst (↓Ea) → ↑k.
General Chemistry: Q vs K	Q<K → forward; Q>K → reverse; Q=K → at eq.
General Chemistry: Le Châtelier	stress (add reactant, ↑P by ↓volume toward fewer gas moles, ΔT) shifts to relieve it. Adding an inert gas at constant volume does not shift equilibrium.
General Chemistry: AN OX / RED CAT	oxidation at anode, reduction at cathode (both cells).
General Chemistry: IR	O–H broad ~3300, C=O sharp ~1700, N–H ~3300.
General Chemistry: ¹H NMR	shift=environment, splitting=n+1 neighbors, integration=# H.
General Chemistry: UV-Vis	conjugation; Beer's law A = εbc (absorbance ∝ concentration). Mass spec: m/z, molecular ion.
Organic Chemistry: Structural	(constitutional): different connectivity.
Organic Chemistry: Stereoisomers	same connectivity, different 3-D arrangement.
Organic Chemistry: Enantiomers	nonsuperimposable mirror images (opposite at every stereocenter); identical physical properties except they rotate plane-polarized light oppositely and behave differently in chiral environments.
Organic Chemistry: Diastereomers	differ at some but not all stereocenters; different physical properties (includes cis/trans).
Organic Chemistry: Meso	has stereocenters but an internal mirror plane → achiral overall.
Organic Chemistry: Nucleophilic addition	(aldehydes/ketones): + alcohol → hemiacetal/acetal; + amine → imine (Schiff base).
Organic Chemistry: Nucleophilic acyl substitution	(acid derivatives): reactivity acyl chloride > anhydride > ester > amide.
Classical vs operant: Who	Classical: Pavlov; Operant: Skinner
Classical vs operant: Learns	Classical: stimulus–stimulus; Operant: behavior–consequence
Classical vs operant: Response	Classical: involuntary; Operant: voluntary
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Increase behavior	Add (+): + reinforce; Remove (−): − reinforce
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Decrease behavior	Add (+): + punish; Remove (−): − punish
Biological Basis of Behavior: Frontal lobe	Role: planning, personality, motor
Biological Basis of Behavior: Parietal	Role: somatosensation
Biological Basis of Behavior: Temporal	Role: hearing, language
Biological Basis of Behavior: Occipital	Role: vision
Biological Basis of Behavior: Amygdala	Role: fear/emotion
Biological Basis of Behavior: Hippocampus	Role: memory formation
Biological Basis of Behavior: Hypothalamus	Role: homeostasis, endocrine
Biological Basis of Behavior: Cerebellum	Role: coordination/balance
Sociology & Social Psychology: Functionalism	Core idea: society = interdependent parts (Durkheim)
Sociology & Social Psychology: Conflict	Core idea: competition over resources/power (Marx)
Sociology & Social Psychology: Symbolic interactionism	Core idea: meaning from interaction (Mead)
Sociology & Social Psychology: Social constructionism	Core idea: reality is socially built
PSY-1 Sensation, Perception & Cognition: Sensation	transduction of stimulus to neural signal.
PSY-1 Sensation, Perception & Cognition: Perception	brain's organization/interpretation.
PSY-1 Sensation, Perception & Cognition: Absolute threshold	min. detectable 50% of the time. JND / Weber's law: difference is a constant ratio.
PSY-1 Sensation, Perception & Cognition: Bottom-up	(data-driven) vs top-down (expectation-driven).
PSY-1 Sensation, Perception & Cognition: Piaget	sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete → formal operational. Assimilation (fit to schema) vs accommodation (change schema).
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Psychoanalytic	(Freud): id/ego/superego; ego defense mechanisms — repression, denial, projection, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, sublimation.
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Humanistic	(Rogers, Maslow): self-actualization, unconditional positive regard.
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Trait	Big Five (OCEAN).
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Social-cognitive	(Bandura): reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy, locus of control.
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Erikson	(psychosocial, 8 stages: trust vs mistrust … integrity vs despair).
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Kohlberg	(moral: preconventional → conventional → postconventional).
PSY-2 Learning, Motivation & Personality: Vygotsky	(zone of proximal development, scaffolding).
Sociology & Social Psychology: Attribution	dispositional vs situational; fundamental attribution error; self-serving bias.
Sociology & Social Psychology: Conformity	(Asch), obedience (Milgram), groupthink, group polarization, bystander effect, social facilitation/loafing, deindividuation.
Sociology & Social Psychology: Attitudes	cognitive dissonance (Festinger); persuasion (central vs peripheral route, ELM).
Sociology & Social Psychology: Health disparities	access, incidence/prevalence, sick role (Parsons), medicalization, social epidemiology.